2008-6-16 08:19
TachibanaMisuzu
research about love between humans & robots
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From Scientific American - March 2008 p.94-97
Not Tonight, Dear, I Have to Reboot.
Is love and marriage with robots an institute you can disparage?
Computing pioneer David Levy doesn嚙踝蕭t think so嚙碼he expects people to wed droids by midcentury.
Is that a good thing? By Charles Q. Choi
At the Museum of Sex in New York City, artificial-intelligence researcher David Levy projected a mock
Image on a screen of a smiling bride in a wedding dress holding hands with a short robot groom. 嚙踝蕭Why not marry a robot? Look at this happy couple,嚙踝蕭 he said to a chuckling crowd.
When Levy was then asked whether anyone who would want to marry a robot was deluded, his face grew serious. 嚙踝蕭If the alternative is that you are lonely and sad and miserable, is it not better to find a robot that claims to love you and acts like it loves you?嚙踝蕭 Levy responded. 嚙踝蕭Does it really matter, if you a happier person?嚙踝蕭 In his 2007 book, Love and Sex with Robots, Levy contends that sex, love and even marriage between humans and robots are coming soon and, perhaps, are even desirable. 嚙踝蕭I know somebody think the idea is totally outlandish,嚙踝蕭 he says. 嚙踝蕭But I am totally convinced it嚙踝蕭s inevitable.嚙踝蕭
The 62-year-old London native has not reached this conclusion on a whim. Levy嚙踝蕭s academic love affair with computing began in his last year of university, during the vacuum-tube era. That is when he broadened his horizons beyond his passion for chess. 嚙踝蕭 Back then people wrote chess programs to simulate human thought processes,嚙踝蕭 he recalls. He later became engrossed in writing programs to carry on intelligent conversations with people, and then he explored the way humans interact with computers, a topic for which he earned his doctorate last year from the university of Maastricht in the Netherlands. (Levy was sidetracked from a Ph.D. when he became an international master at chess, which led him to play around the world and to found several computer and chess organizations and businesses.)
Over the decades, Levy notes, interactions between humans and robots have become increasingly personal. Whereas robots initially work, say, building cars in a factory, they have now moved into home in the form of Roomba the robotic vacuum cleaner and digital pets such as Tamagotchis and the Sony Aibo.
And the machines can adopt a decidedly humanoid look: the robot Repliee from Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of Osaka University嚙踝蕭s Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, can fool people in believing that it is a real person for about 10 seconds from a few feet away. And 嚙踝蕭it嚙踝蕭s just a matter of time before someone takes parts from a vibrator, puts it into a doll, and maybe add some basic speech electronics, and then you嚙踝蕭ll have a fairly primitive sex robot,嚙踝蕭 Levy remarks.
Science-fiction fans have witnessed plenty of action between humans and characters portraying artificial life-forms, such as with Data from Star Trek franchise or the Cylons from the re-imagined Battle-star Galactica. And levy is betting that a lot of people will fall in love with such devices. Programmers can tailor the machines to match a person嚙踝蕭s interests or render them somewhat disagreeable to create a desirable level of friction in a relationship. 嚙踝蕭It嚙踝蕭s not that people will fall in love with an algorithm but that people will fall in love with a convincing simulation of a human being, and convincing simulations can have a remarkable effect on people,嚙踝蕭 he says.
Indeed, a 2007 study from the University of California, San Diego, found that toddlers grew to accept a two-foot-tall humanoid robot named QRIO after it responded to the children who touched it. Eventually the kids considered QRIO as a near equal, even covering it with a blanket and telling it 嚙踝蕭night night嚙踝蕭 when its batteries ran out. 嚙踝蕭People who grow up with all sorts of electronic gizmos will find android robots to be fairly normal as friends, partners, lovers,嚙踝蕭 Levy speculates. He also cites 2005 research from Stanford University that showed people grew to like and trust computer personalities that cared about their wins and losses in blackjack and were generally supportive, much as they would respond to being cared about by other people.
The modern age of telecommunications has already made it possible to fall in love without ever met face to face, Levy adds. 嚙踝蕭So many people nowadays are developing strong emotional attachments across the Internet, even agreeing to marry, that I think it doesn嚙踝蕭t matter what嚙踝蕭s on the other end of the line,嚙踝蕭 he says. 嚙踝蕭It just matters what you experience and perceive.嚙踝蕭
Based on what researchers know about how humans fall in love, human-robot connections may not be all that surprising. Rutgers University biological anthropologist Helen Fisher, renowned for her studies on romantic love, suggests that love seems dependent on three key components: sex, romance and deep attachments. These components, she remarks, 嚙踝蕭can be triggered by all kinds of things. One can trigger the sex drive just by reading a book or seeing a movie嚙碼it doesn嚙踝蕭t have to be triggered by a human being. You can feel a deep attachment to your hand, your house, an idea, a desk, alcohol or whatever, so it seems logical that you can feel deeply attached to a robot. And when it comes to romantic love, you can fall madly in love with someone who doesn嚙踝蕭t know you exist. It show how much we want to love.嚙踝蕭
Still, both Fisher and Levy agree that many if not most humans will continue to love and sex the old-fashioned way. 嚙踝蕭But I think there are people who feel a void in their emotional and sex lives for any number of reasons who could benefit from robots,嚙踝蕭 Levy states. He cites a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student dubbed 嚙踝蕭Anthony嚙踝蕭 in M.I.T. psychologist Sherry Turkle嚙踝蕭s book The Second Self, which explores human-computer interactions. Anthony tried having human girlfriends but preferred relationships with computers. Levy says that he dedicated his book 嚙踝蕭to 嚙踝蕭Anthony嚙踝蕭 and all the other 嚙踝蕭Anthony嚙踝蕭 before and since of both sexes, to all those who feel lost and hopeless without relationships, to let them know there will come a time when they can form relationship with robots.嚙踝蕭
Whether those bonds are emotionally healthy, however, is debatable. As Turkle puts it: 嚙踝蕭If you are lonely but afraid of intimacy, relationships with machines can enable you to be a loner yet never alone, give you the illusion of companionship without the demands of friendship. There is nothing to celebrate here. To me, the seductiveness of relationships with robots speaks to what we are not getting from people.嚙踝蕭
Instead of throwing robots at social problems, Turkle feels human should do the job. 嚙踝蕭What people like Anthony need are experiences that will increase their repertoire for dealing with the complexity and challenges of relationships with people,嚙踝蕭 she explains. Levy contends that there are not going to be enough people to handle social concerns such as loneliness or care for the elderly, but Turkle dismisses the idea: 嚙踝蕭If we paid people to take care of the elderly in the way we invested in other things, this wouldn嚙踝蕭t be an issue.嚙踝蕭
Both Fisher and Turkle find the idea of legal human-robot marriages ridiculous. But levy counters that 嚙踝蕭if you went back 100 years, if you proposed the idea that men would be marring men, you嚙踝蕭d be locked up in the loony bin. And it was only in the second half of the 20th century that you had the U.S. federal government repealing laws in about 12 states that said marriage across racial boundaries was illegal. That嚙踝蕭s how much the nature of marriage has changed.嚙踝蕭
As to what Levy嚙踝蕭s wife thinks, he laughs: 嚙踝蕭She was totally skeptical of the idea that humans would fall in love with robots. She嚙踝蕭s still fairly skeptical.嚙踝蕭 A reasonable reaction嚙碼then again, a Stepford wife with contrariness programmed into her would say that, too.
A Q&A version of Charles Q. Choi嚙踝蕭s interview with Levy is at [url=http://www.SciAm.com/ontheweb]www.SciAm.com/ontheweb[/url]
嚙皺What a typing practice嚙皺it costs me 90mins嚙皺
Pray someone translates it for me嚙皺I don嚙踝蕭t have that much of time.
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soli deo, gloria
I am a man of yours on Earth.
-------------
The Lord is my shepherd;
I shall not want.
He makes meto lie down in green pastures;
He leads me beside the still waters.
He restores my soul;
He leads me in the paths of righteousness
For His name's sake.
Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death,
I will fear no evil;
For You are with me;
Your rod and your staff, they comfort me.
You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies;
You anoint my head with oil;
My cup runs over.
Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me
All the days of my life;
And I will dwell in the house of the Lord
Forever.
Psalm 23
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